However small scale antimatter weapons are much more affordable, as I mentioned earlier you can create a bullet with a 10 millionth of a gram of antimatter in it for only $600,000. Something like this would probably be your optimal (in terms of parsimonious use of anti matter, anyway) approach for #1 and #2. Physics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for active researchers, academics and students of physics. Was Aristarchus the first to propose heliocentrism? And so do we! CAUTION By Snell's law, determine the incident angle by using our angle of incidence calculator. The NIAC is currently researching antimatter powered spaceships, and according to NASA it looks promising. Strange Frontiers, episode 2:The factory where one of the most expensive and elusive materials is made. None. - Georg Patscheider Nov 30, 2018 at 14:03 "You need 2,000 times more energy to make [anti-protons]," he says. Also, once in atmosphere, any attempt to shoot down will only damage the containment system and detonate the antimatter. The storage rings on the spacecraft will hold the antimatter. For a spherical blast wave, the change in pressure is: The above equation is known as the modified Friedlander equation, and it is used to calculate the change in pressure over time. Although submission of USGS form 9-4040-A is not mandatory, IME recommends that applicable mining operations submit the form to keep U.S. antiproliferation authorities informed. Squared it is 89,875,517,900,000,000 or about 9.010 16. Making 1 gram of antimatter would require approximately 25 million billion (10 15) kilowatt-hours of energy and cost over a million billion US dollars. You'd think a Galaxy Class Starship would take a chunk out of a nearby planet by comparison. [2], The "megaton (of TNT equivalent)" is a unit of energy equal to 4.184 petajoules (4.1841015J). 1 gram of antimatter explosion radius. What does 'They're at four. But so far, this mysterious anti-stuff remains elusive. Antimatter is one of the most unstable substances in the world. It only takes a minute to sign up. Answer (1 of 6): Let's assume a gram of antihydrogen, which would release about 2 GeV per annihilation. Antimatter weapons would be the most destructive and powerful in human history, so why dont they exist? This worksheet uses the property of energy called the heat of combustion or heat of explosion and is expressed in units of kilocalories per gram. @Serban Tanasa: No, it's clearly not the same question. Energy = You can also compare energy generated from different reactions with respect to the mass of TNT using our energy conversion calculator. Such a wave can be catastrophic depending upon its intensity. The energy contained in one megaton of TNT (4.2PJ) is enough to power the average American household for 103,000 years. The "kiloton (of TNT equivalent)" is a unit of energy equal to 4.184 terajoules (4.1841012J). Antimatter are difficult to create and much less to contain. Safety, Health & Environmental Affairs Committee, Transportation, Distribution & Security Committee. So ever since I read a book (Angels and Demons by Dan Brown?) . Gas-expansion and pressure-change effects tend to "freeze" the burn rapidly. But this result isnt bizarre at allits simply a confirmation of earlier, but less precise, measurements of the antiprotons magnetic moment. ', referring to the nuclear power plant in Ignalina, mean? and our We acknowledge Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the First Australians and Traditional Custodians of the lands where we live, learn, and work. 7g divided 7 bn ways would equate to about the equivalent of 40 grams of TNT per person, something like a small hand grenade each. At the moment of the Big Bang, all the energy of the Universe was concentrated and exploded. Those made at CERN amount to about 1 nanogram. If the null hypothesis is never really true, is there a point to using a statistical test without a priori power analysis? "It would take us 10 billion years to assemble enough anti-stuff to make the bomb Dan Brown talks . Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Under controlled conditions one kilogram of TNT can destroy (or even obliterate) a small vehicle. This service may include material from Agence France-Presse (AFP), APTN, Reuters, AAP, CNN and the BBC World Service which is copyright and cannot be reproduced. Has the cause of a rocket failure ever been mis-identified, such that another launch failed due to the same problem? Space Mechs or Tanks or Planes or Marines - Fighting in space without blowing up each other's starships. [4], Alternative values for TNT equivalency can be calculated according to which property is being compared and when in the two detonation processes the values are measured. The results of this latest experiment show that a property of the antiproton (called its magnetic moment) is identical in magnitude to the magnetic moment of its proton counterpart to within a precision of just a couple of parts per billion. First, let's talk about blast waves. This convention intends to compare the destructiveness of an event with that of conventional explosive materials, of which TNT is a typical example, although other conventional explosives such as dynamite contain more energy. The team can create thousands of antihydrogen atoms in only a second but the trap barely catches any. In all honesty you can probably get away with less because the force of the explosion will likely kill many humans. The latter's decay chains include neutrinos, which of course, carry energy away harmlessly. 2 kg of $E=mc^2 = 1.79 \times 10^{17} J$. ", "Comet/Jupiter Collision FAQ - Post-Impact", "Triggering of the largest Deccan eruptions by the Chicxulub impact", "Huge Global Tsunami Followed Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Impact", "Rapid ocean acidification and protracted Earth system recovery followed the end-Cretaceous Chicxulub impact", "That Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Instantly Acidified Our World's Oceans, Too", "Climatic Effect of Impacts on the Ocean", "Sun: Amount of Energy the Earth Gets from the Sun", "Seismic effects of the Caloris basin impact, Mercury", "The IAU 2009 system of astronomical constants: the report of the IAU working group on numerical standards for Fundamental Astronomy", "Light curves of type IA supernova models with different explosion mechanisms", "Big Bang Energy (Ask an Astrophysicist)", "Storage requirements for security sensitive ammonium nitrate (SSAN)", "Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TNT_equivalent&oldid=1150973581. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. How to force Unity Editor/TestRunner to run at full speed when in background? Would it be similarly anti-climactic? This page was last edited on 21 April 2023, at 04:10. Why refined oil is cheaper than cold press oil? What could humans do to render the earth uninhabitable? The solar irradiance of the Sun every 12 hours. I mean, in the book I read, they had an antimatter device that you could hold in your hand and it would have destroyed I believe the entire Vatican City. Matter-antimatter annihilation from a hypothetical macroscopic explosion would produce the same particles as proton-antiproton annihilation in microscopic quantities in accelerator experiments. Taken shamelessly from my previous answer here. Converts antimatter to energy in joules. How much energy would be released in a collision of planets of matter & antimatter? (Some say that this was adapted into the show based on people who knew Miguel Alcubierre and they put his unpunished theories into the show, but I don't think this was ever confirmed), But there are volumes of Star Trek Tech manuals that base other things "kind of" around science, or at least attempt to, like the Heisenberg Compensation in the Transporters. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. If the number of Short Tons is larger than 300, you should submit USGS form 9-4040-A. Or would it be similar to a Fat Man Bomb? The neutrinos will carry away a fraction of the energy but the rest will heat the vicinity into a fireball. The antimatter bomb is something any country rich enough could potentially make but its so expensive no country has put in the effort. Sorry, but I don't know where you can get the text of this book online. But to understand the properties of this mysterious anti-stuff, apparently anti-electrons won't cut it. The team is called the ALPHA collaboration. 1 gram of TNT = 2930.76 joules. Even on larger time scales, creating enough anti-matter to destroy the earth will still be very difficult without invoking the drop a rock strategy. [5], Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion proposes the use of antimatter as a "trigger"[6] to initiate small nuclear explosions; the explosions provide thrust to a spacecraft. "In the case of a chemical reaction, you're transforming only about a millionth of the mass of the object of the molecule into energy,"Professor Doser says. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. An antimatter powered spaceship would have a higher thrust-weight ratio than ones powered by other fuels, which means it could travel faster. All I've ever read is science fiction, and they seem to be wildly wildly different in how dangerous Antimatter actually is. But antimatter is incredibly scarce, and scientists still dont know why. "If we don't find a difference between matter and antimatter, then that's going to be the only remaining explanation," Professor Doser says. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. [4] As such, Hui Chen of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory dismissed concerns about antimatter bombs in 2008 as "unrealistic". This calculator and the accompanying article will explain what explosion radius is and how to calculate blast radius. 3.5 nanograms of antimatter would equal the amount of explosive in an average hand grenade with about an effective 15m blast/shrapnel radius. "We actually expect that the whole Universe since there was lots of energy around at the moment of the Big Bang should consist of equal amounts of matter and antimatter," Professor Doser says. Let's shoot to heat up the atmosphere by 200K; there's no way anyone's surviving that. Now they're back in Kyiv, Baby with bowel obstruction died after hospital's failures, coroner finds, NT Chief Minister apologises to outgoing police commissioner over retirement settlement comments, Nouma is an island paradise but for the next year you're not allowed to swim, Live: Celebrities arrive at the Met Gala for fashion's biggest night, Texas college baseball player accidentally shot during game, Three firefighters rushed to hospital, one critical, after factory fire south of Brisbane, Live: Reserve Bank tipped to leave interest rates on hold for a second month, ASX to open lower. The universe began to cool and then expand. [11], So, one can state that a nuclear bomb has a yield of 15kt (6.31013J); but an actual explosion of a 15000ton pile of TNT may yield (for example) 81013J due to additional carbon/hydrocarbon oxidation not present with small open-air charges.[10]. You can also convert entire earth into energy but you have to look for antimatter earth to do it. It's also likely the most explosive substance on the planet. i got the conversion completely wrong because i got the energy output in joules, thought i was in megatons of TNT, then converted back to joules which is why i was so far off, Putting grams of antimatter in the atmosphere, physics.stackexchange.com/questions/69440/, physics.stackexchange.com/questions/74019/, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI. When a gnoll vampire assumes its hyena form, do its HP change? For more information, please see our This is one of the more common types of "TNT equivalence" and is the one used on USGS form 9-4040A. If antimatter makes contact with any ordinary matter it will explode, this includes air. This calculation helps us in finding the pressure loads on objects. Theviolence of an antimatterreactionwas clearly demonstrated when a tiny pinch of the stuff exploded over Vatican City in the fictional Dan Brown epic, Angels and Demons. Upon an explosive detonation, a shock wave originates and compresses the air, causing an abrupt increase in pressure. The blast radius is the distance up to which the explosion will have an effect. Collisions between these photons would have resulted in the production of particlesparticles which would eventually become stars, galaxies, and people. Unexpected uint64 behaviour 0xFFFF'FFFF'FFFF'FFFF - 1 = 0? Michael Doser who works in the only factory making it describes thisreaction as "probably the most violent process you can think of because the full mass of the object disappears and transforms into energy". Indeed this is a polar-explosion (1 gamma to one side and the other to opposite side). It depends on the specific case or use. The shock wave is usually spherical or hemispherical in shape. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. The second is that CERN is interested infundamental research understanding things without knowing how this knowledge could be applied. For a 10 km dinosaur killer asteroid, 1 kg of antimatter should be sufficient retarget the asteroid -- actually quite a bit less would actually be needed because there are quite a few near earth objects that would need only a tiny orbital deflection to serve the purpose, the largest of these earth crossers, 1866 Sysyphusone of these objects happens to fit the bill as it is probably over 8 km diameter (close enough for our imagination) and currently scheduled to pass about 17 million km from the earth on Nov 24, 2071. But it's really not that big of an explosion. In our case, we're taking the mass of earth plus the mass of the antimatter planet. That gives you a nice $1,200 km^2$ blast incineration area. If you absolutely, positively need to sterilize the surface, you must blast it from orbit. Why do you say "pure gamma"? Approximate yield of the last eruption of the. Embedded hyperlinks in a thesis or research paper. The damage done to the biosphere here is more due to pressure and heat than radioactivity. >$10^{15}kg$, it's not exactly rocket science. Would a kilogram of antimatter be equal to a 500kg bomb of conventional Heavy Exosives? If you wanted to blow up the planet you could do so by exploding an antimatter bomb near the Earths core. At least a trillion tons, probably an order of magnitude or so more when you account for noncentral location and dissipation loss. When it hits the target the capsule breaks and the air/target get hit by the antimatter. (considering low energy state) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%E2%80%93positron_annihilation Share Cite Improve this answer By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. The human body also releases antimatter. He says an alternative hypothesis is that we're living in a part of the Universe filled with matter but other parts might be full of antimatter. So each 2 kg antimatter bomb (as it annihilates with 1kg ordinary matter) would have a blast similar to the Tsar Bomba, the most powerful nuclear device ever detonated in the puny humans' history. In fact you would need 2.5 trillion tons of antimatter. It doesn't sound like it should be real, but "it does exist", says Professor Doser,a physicist who studies the properties of antimatterat CERN,the European Council for Nuclear Research. Estimated mass-energy of the observable universe. It's exactly the same as matter, except all the electrical charges of its component parts are reversed. When antimatter collides with matter it can end up creating the largest explosion in human history. Both humans and bananas only produce a tiny amount of antimatter, which is why we havent all been destroyed. The only reason they dont exist yet is because they just so expensive to make. [3], As of 2004[update], the cost of producing one millionth of a gram of antimatter was estimated at US $60 billion. Would it be imperceptible? Hence why I'm thinking they may have tried to say "Nope, 3,000m of Antimatter would really only be an explosion this big" as opposed to "Something as big as your hand would utterly level half of Rome" which is significantly smaller than 3,000m. The energy released by a hurricane per day during condensation. To create antimatter you just need to create matter. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Ah yes, the multi-million dollar question. Such an asteroid would boil away the oceans and transform the atmosphere into one of steam and molten rock." Pro: Clean blasts, little of that nasty radioactive slag. There is such a thing as an antimatter trap. Scientists have trouble finding antimatter however it can be created for a hefty price. A typical blast wave has a high-pressure jump, which denotes the wavefront. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. The blast radius follows Hopkinson-Cranz Law which states that identical explosives with the same geometry but different sizes and distances will produce self-similar blast waves in the same atmosphere. From some rough calculations with 10g of anti hydrogen, I came out at roughly a gigatonne of TNT's worth of energy - 1.2x10^22J. There is no nuclear bomb that comes close to the power this bomb would have. The TNT explosion radius becomes: In case of ranges where the public access is denied, the blast radius becomes: Energy from different sources Sufficiently big detonations can presumably force a bit of fusion, but it is unlikely to be self-sustaining on its own without confinement. For the similarly named weight measurements, see, The explosion from a 14-kiloton nuclear test at the. Cookie Notice which is equivalent to Shock waves However that would require a lot more than 10kg. So it depends on how much anti-matter you have. "Kiloton" redirects here. The reaction of 1 kg of antimatter with 1 kg of matter would produce 1.8 10 17 J (180 petajoules) of energy (by the mass-energy equivalence formula, E=mc 2), or the rough equivalent of 43 megatons of TNT - slightly less than the yield of the 27,000 kg Tsar Bomba, the largest thermonuclear weapon ever detonated. It basically all reacts at once release an enormous amount if IR -- enough to melt any rock within sight -- followed by a blast wave. But because this claim is not based on any empirical science, its never been anything more than pure speculation. On the other hand, one milligram of 18F-FDG will contain on the order of 3x10^18 molecules. [9], But, even on this basis, comparing the actual energy yields of a large nuclear device and an explosion of TNT can be slightly inaccurate. Scientists estimate creating and storing a gram of antimatter would cost in excess of a million billion dollars and require about 25 million billion kilowatt-hours of energy. This form is part of the U.S. implementation of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and is submitted voluntarily by mines that conduct blasts with over 300 short tons "TNT equivalent" of explosives. Antimatter is actually produce by all sorts of things, for instance bananas produce antimatter. But because these collisions always produce matter and antimatter in precisely equal amounts, the universe should, if the Big Bang model were correct, have exactly equal amounts of matter and antimatter. If you have an absurdly large fireball it will tend to spread more upwards (less pressure, longer mean-free path) and send a big plasma cloud up - bad from an electromagnetic pulse, ozone layer and IR energy igniting stuff perspective. rev2023.5.1.43405. The positron has the same mass as an electron but with a positive charge, rather than negative. What if I had 1 anti-hydrogen atom or enough antimatter that's equal in "weight" to a hydrogen atom? [5][6][7][8], Where for example the comparison is by energy yield, an explosive's energy is normally expressed for chemical purposes as the thermodynamic work produced by its detonation. However, the mean free path is so short at ambient pressure that they will react before going far (doing it in the upper atmosphere might produce a much larger and fuzzier fireball). Since after the Big Bang there was nothing left but matter and antimatter in equal amounts, they should have annihilated everything. $> 10^{32}J$. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Particles of both antimatter and matter were created. Mathematically, the ratio of the weight of the explosives (W and W) is proportional to the ratio of the cube of range (R and R), i.e. This stops it from making contact with matter. During this interval, the pressure rises abruptly to a peak value and then decays exponentially over time. achieving the specified result. The ton of TNT is a unit of energy defined by that convention to be 4.184gigajoules (1gigacalorie),[1] which is the approximate energy released in the detonation of a metric ton (1,000 kilograms) of TNT. But I don't know how to calculate that. Professor Doser leads a team studying this strange, expensive, explosive stuffin the wonderfully named Antimatter Factory. Therefore, just by doubling the distance, you'll be shielding yourself from significant exposure. To some degree this is just like a normal nuclear explosion of the same yield. Professor Doser once estimated how muchit would cost to make antimatter in large amounts. However, humans have produced only a minuscule amount of antimatter. Bill Gates couldnt afford more than one millionth of a gram. Here they create and capture this bizarre anti-stuff. However for only $600,000 you could fit a 10 millionth of a gram of antimatter into a snipers bullet. Still a big bang. Worldbuilding Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for writers/artists using science, geography and culture to construct imaginary worlds and settings. What's happening is that the heat produce by the initial reaction with the surface of the chunk of sodium boils the water around it and drastically slows down the reaction. The positrons will meet electrons and produce 0.511 MeV gammas, but the protons meeting antiprotons will initially have a quark annihilate an antiquark, producing a gluon that then gets involved in messy hadronization leaving a bunch of mesons (pions and kaons) that then careen away and decay into muons, electrons/positrons, gammas, and neutrinos. Still a single bomb, it destroys the earth and you have plenty of time for popcorn while you wait. I have no idea how to get that in an antimatter bomb, because of the fizzle problem noted above. Antimatter weapons are currently too costly and unreliable to be viable in warfare, as producing antimatter is enormously expensive (estimated at $6 billion for every 100 nanograms), the quantities of antimatter generated are very small, and current technology has great difficulty containing antimatter, which annihilates upon touching ordinary matter. "Perhaps, just under four billion years ago, the Earth could have been hit by asteroids up to 400 kilometers across, forty times bigger than the one that is supposed to have been responsible for the K/T extinctions. One of the scariest things about the antimatter bomb is that the effects of it arent as long lasting as a nuclear bomb. Divide the energy put out by this annihilation and we get $\Delta K = 14000$. The recipe they use at CERN's Antimatter Factory to achieve this feat is: 1. This high-pressure wave, i.e., the blast wave, travels until it interacts with an object and reflects back. The antimatter we produce collides with matter and gets annihilated without us even noticing. TNT equivalent is a convention for expressing energy, typically used to describe the energy released in an explosion. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. And the final is that it might help us solve a fairly enormous cosmic conundrum: why the material universe exists. Take a proton (a charged subatomic particle) 2. But the point is: antimatter is the opposite of matter. This worksheet is primarily designed to assist mining companies in determining if they should submit form 9-4040-A to the U.S. Geological Survey. The ton of TNT is a unit of energy defined by that convention to be 4.184 gigajoules, [1] which is the approximate energy released in the detonation of a metric ton (1,000 kilograms) of TNT. There's not really any point translating that to Australian dollars because it's absurd either way. An antimatter weapon is a weapon which would use antimatter as a power source, a propellant or an explosive. How are engines numbered on Starship and Super Heavy? WAY too much. I definitely think #1 is overkill in his answer though. But say I had 1 Antimatter Electron, and I just opened a container in a room, what would happen? c is the speed of light which is 299,792,458 meters per second. Instead of wasting 1E28 joules in an antimatter explosion on the surface of Earth, how about a nice 1E20 J bomb set off in a carefully drilled hole inside 10 Hygiea -- wait a few months and let gravity do most of the heavy lifting (or falling in this case) when 10 Hygiea impacts the Earth. The sub-atomic particles of matter have the opposite properties of antimatter. You have antimatter containment capsule that only has to hold out for seconds at most when fired. Right now, antimatter - with a price tag of about $62.5 trillion per gram - is the most expensive substance on the Earth. $<< 10^{32}J$ (gravitational binding energy of Earth), We must use an even bigger bomb. No country has considered it worth it to make one, and even the richest businessmen in the world dont have the funds to build one. With about 100,000 ships out there, that's a lot of survivors.
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